This contrasts with 31% of boys and 45% of girls who smoke manufactured cigarettes
The MMAT is a critical appraisal tool designed for systematic reviews that has five items that assess sampling strategy, representativeness of the sample, adequacy of measurements, risk of non-response bias, and adequacy of statistical analyses
Potential participants accessed the questionnaire via scanning a QR code in flyers that were posted across the University of Alabama at Birminghams campus, at key locations across the city of Birmingham, and shared via social media platforms
Size: 18mm Length
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If only 5 % of triers of ANDS or snus were caused to become lifetime smokers over and above those who would have become smokers anyway and 10 % of potential and current smokers were displaced from becoming smokers, then the overall net effect on the population is to prevent smoking rather than recruit smoking (i.e., an off-ramp rather than an on-ramp or gateway)
