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Since the majority of the studies that were included, so far, in this review are cross-sectional, a temporal relationship between smoking and poor sleep quality cannot be established

Sample entropy was used as the approximate entropy metric 43

Nicotine, a key component of cigarettes, can also constrict blood vessels, further exacerbating the issue

Furthermore, agonists of alpha7-nAChRs, nicotine or GTS-21, reduce cytokine storm mediators such as high mobility group box-1 (HMGB1) [323]

Moreover, smoking is independently associated with cognitive decline 6

Quitting is Essential : Quitting smoking before or during pregnancy significantly reduces these risks and promotes a healthier pregnancy and child development